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Monthly Archives: July 2013

GSM Control With Password

Jul

31

2013

bansal212
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Introduction:

this project we can control any electrical appliances through mobile or landline from any part of the country With password.  In this project one base unit is connected to the basic landline in parallel with the land line phone.. When we want to control any electrical appliances through outer phone then first we  dial the home number, bell is ringing and after few bell phone is automatic on and switch on the base unit  to operate. Now we press the single digital excess code, if the excess code is ok then unit give a  tone pulse and switch on the base unit. Now again we press the switch on/off code to on/off any electrical appliances. With the help of this code unit is on and base unit give a acknowledge pulse for on and off separately.

Complete circuit is divided  into three parts.

1.                 DTMF DECODER

2.                 MICROCONTROLLER

3.                 AUTOMATIC ON THROUGH OUTER PHONE

DTMF DECODER.

In dtmf decoder circuit we use ic 8870 ic. IC 8870 is a dtmf decoder ic. IC 8870  converts the dual tones to corresponding binary outputs.

DTMF SIGNALLING.    Ac register signaling is used in dtmf telephones, here tones rather than make/break pulse are used fro dialing, each dialed digit is uniquely represented by a pair of sine waves tones. These tones ( one from low group for row and another from high group fro column) are sent to the exchange when a digit is dialed by pushing the key, these tone lies within the speech band of 300 to 3400 hz, and are chosen so as to minimize the possibility of any valid frequency pair existing in normal speech simultaneously. Actually, this minimisator is made possible by forming pairs with one tone from the higher group and the other from the lower of frequencies. A valid dtmf signal is the sum of two tones, one from a lower  group ( 697-940 Hz) and the other from a a higher group ( 1209-1663 Hz). Each group contains four individual tones.  This scheme allows 10 unique combinations. Ten of these code represent digits 1  through 9 and 0. . tones in DTMF dialing  are so chose that none of the tones is harmonic of  are other tone. Therefore  is no change of distortion caused by harmonics. Each tone is sent as along as the key remains pressed. The dtmf signal contains only one component from each  of the high and low group. This significaly simplifies decoding because the composite dtmf signal may be separated with band pass filters into single frequency components, each of which may be handled individually.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

MICROCONTROLLER 89C051

DTMF DECODER CM8870

DECODER IC 74LS154

IC 4049

RELAYS- 180 OHM 12V

RESISTANCES- 100OHM,22K,220K,330K

CAPACITORS- 1000µF,470µF,33PF,1µF

TRANSFORMER 12 V

REGULATOR- 7805

TIMER NE555

DECADE  COUNTER IC 4017

ELECTRICAL SWITCHES

PLYBOARD

COPPER CLAD BOARD

Components required:

1.     Microcontroller 89C051  Atmel

2.     Resistances 8.2k, 500k,100 ohm for mcu circuit

3.     Ic 74154 – 4 to 16 decoder

4.     IC 8870

5.     cap 4.7k,1000k

6.     transformer 9v ,500mA

7.     diodes 4004

8.     transistors 548

9.     LEDs

10. data cable

11. Sockets

12. Ic 4049

13. Ic 4017

14. Ic 555

15. soldering wwire

16. soldering iron

17. copper clad board for PCB

 

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GSM Based Home Appliances Control

Jul

31

2013

bansal212
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Introduction:

In this project we can control any electrical appliances through mobile or landline from any part of the country.  In this project one base unit is connected to the basic landline in parallel with the land line phone.. When we want to control any electrical appliances through outer phone then first we  dial the home number, bell is ringing and after few bell phone is automatic on and switch on the base unit  to operate. Now we press the single digital excess code, if the excess code is ok then unit give a  tone pulse and switch on the base unit. Now again we press the switch on/off code to on/off any electrical appliances. With the help of this code unit is on and base unit give a acknowledge pulse for on and off separately.

Complete circuit is divided into three parts.

1.                 DTMF DECODER

2.                 MICROCONTROLLER

3.                 AUTOMATIC ON THROUGH OUTER PHONE

DTMF DECODER

 In dtmf decoder circuit we use ic 8870 ic. IC 8870 is a dtmf decoder ic. IC 8870  converts the dual tones to corresponding binary outputs.

 DTMF SIGNALLING. Ac register signaling is used in dtmf telephones, here tones rather than make/break pulse are used fro dialing, each dialed digit is uniquely represented by a pair of sine waves tones. These tones ( one from low group for row and another from high group fro column) are sent to the exchange when a digit is dialed by pushing the key, these tone lies within the speech band of 300 to 3400 hz, and are chosen so as to minimize the possibility of any valid frequency pair existing in normal speech simultaneously. Actually, this minimisator is made possible by forming pairs with one tone from the higher group and the other from the lower of frequencies. A valid dtmf signal is the sum of two tones, one from a lower  group ( 697-940 Hz) and the other from a a higher group ( 1209-1663 Hz). Each group contains four individual tones.  This scheme allows 10 unique combinations. Ten of these code represent digits 1  through 9 and 0. . tones in DTMF dialing  are so chose that none of the tones is harmonic of  are other tone. Therefore  is no change of distortion caused by harmonics. Each tone is sent as along as the key remains pressed. The dtmf signal contains only one component from each  of the high and low group. This significaly simplifies decoding because the composite dtmf signal may be separated with band pass filters into single frequency components, each of which may be handled individually.

Component COST
S.No. Item Quantity Rate/Unit  Rate(Rs.)
1 89s52 1 80 80
2 74154 DECODER IC 2 120 240
3 91214 DTMF ENCODER 1 40 40
4 PRESET 1 2 2
5 RESISTENCES 10K 10 0.25 2.5
6 relay 12v 400E 4 20 80
7 motor 1 80 80
8 cyrstal 1 25 25
9 PCB 1 800 800
10 Crystal 1 25 25
11 LCD 1 250 250
12 MT 9170 OR 8870 1 120 120
13 Microswitch 4 3 12
14 battery connector 1 10 10
15 MOBILE HEADPHONE 1 80 80
16 Push to On Sw 3 12 36
17 SOLDERING WIRE 1 25 25
18 SOLDERING IRON 1 120 120
19 FLUX 1 10 10
20 CONNECTING WIRE 1 50 50
21 TR548 2 2 4
22 TR558 2 2 4
23 RESISTENCES 20 0.2 4
24 CAPACITORS 0
25 1000µf 2 10 20
26 100µf 1 5 5
27 470µf 4 5 20
28 DIODES 8 1 8
29 LED 8 1 8
30 Crystal 12MHz 2 25 50
31 IC BASE 3 5 15
32 IC 7805 Volt. Reg 2 15 30
33 TRANSFORMER 9 V 1 30 30
34 CRYSTAL 3.579545 2 20 40
35 IC136 2 15 30
36 PLY BOARD 1 100 100
37 TAPE ROLL 1 10 10
38 Copper Clad Board 1 100 100
39 FeCl3 1 100 100
40 ZENER 0 3 0
41 Screws/bolt 2 2 4
42 OTHER CHARGES 1 1000 1000

 

Look around. Notice the smart “intelligent” systems? Be it the T.V, washing machines, video games, telephones, automobiles, aero planes, power systems, or any application having a LED or a LCD as a user interface, the control is likely to be in the hands of a micro controller!
Measure and control, that’s where the micro controller is at its best.
Micro controllers are here to stay. Going by the current trend, it is obvious that micro controllers will be playing bigger and bigger roles in the different activities of our lives.

So where does this scenario leave us? Think about it……

The world of Micro controllers

What is the primary difference between a microprocessor and a micro controller? Unlike the microprocessor, the micro controller can be considered to be a true “Computer on a chip”.

In addition to the various features like the ALU, PC, SP and registers found on a microprocessor, the micro controller also incorporates features like the ROM, RAM, Ports, timers, clock circuits, counters, reset functions etc.

While the microprocessor is more a general-purpose device, used for read, write and calculations on data, the micro controller, in addition to the above functions also controls the environment.

We have used a whole lot of technical terms already! Don’t get worried about the meanings at this point. We shall understand these terms as we proceed further

 

For now just be aware of the fact, that all these terms literally mean what they say.
 ADVANTAGES

 

Low cost

 

Reliable

 

Portable

 

Flexible  due to microcntroller

 

Easy to use- system is very easy to understand

 

 

 

 

Posted in Electronics Projects | Leave a comment |

GSM Bsaed Colony Automation

Jul

31

2013

bansal212
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INTRODUCTION &WORKING:-

In this project we can control  street lights , water pump and main power line  through mobile or landline from any part of the country.  In this project one base unit is connected to the basic landline in parallel with the land line phone.. When we want to control any electrical appliances through outer phone then first we  dial the home number, bell is ringing and after few bell phone is automatic on and switch on the base unit  to operate. Now we press the single digital excess code, if the excess code is ok then unit give a  tone pulse and switch on the base unit. Now again we press the switch on/off code to on/off any electrical appliances. With the help of this code unit is on and base unit give a acknowledge pulse for on and off separately.

Complete circuit is divided  into three parts.

1.                 DTMF DECODER

2.                 MICROCONTROLLER

3.                 AUTOMATIC ON THROUGH OUTER PHONE

DTMF DECODER.

In dtmf decoder circuit we use ic 8870 ic. IC 8870 is a dtmf decoder ic. IC 8870  converts the dual tones to corresponding binary outputs.

DTMF SIGNALLING.    Ac register signaling is used in dtmf telephones, here tones rather than make/break pulse are used fro dialing, each dialed digit is uniquely represented by a pair of sine waves tones. These tones ( one from low group for row and another from high group fro column) are sent to the exchange when a digit is dialed by pushing the key, these tone lies within the speech band of 300 to 3400 hz, and are chosen so as to minimize the possibility of any valid frequency pair existing in normal speech simultaneously. Actually, this minimisator is made possible by forming pairs with one tone from the higher group and the other from the lower of frequencies. A valid dtmf signal is the sum of two tones, one from a lower  group ( 697-940 Hz) and the other from a a higher group ( 1209-1663 Hz). Each group contains four individual tones.  This scheme allows 10 unique combinations. Ten of these code represent digits 1  through 9 and 0. . tones in DTMF dialing  are so chose that none of the tones is harmonic of  are other tone. Therefore  is no change of distortion caused by harmonics. Each tone is sent as along as the key remains pressed. The dtmf signal contains only one component from each  of the high and low group. This significaly simplifies decoding because the composite dtmf signal may be separated with band pass filters into single frequency components, each of which may be handled individually.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

MICROCONTROLLER 89C051

DTMF DECODER CM8870

DECODER IC 74LS154

IC 4049

RELAYS- 180 OHM 12V

RESISTANCES- 100OHM,22K,220K,330K

CAPACITORS- 1000µF,470µF,33PF,1µF

TRANSFORMER 12 V

REGULATOR- 7805

TIMER NE555

DECADE  COUNTER IC 4017

ELECTRICAL SWITCHES

PLYBOARD

COPPER CLAD BOARD

FECL3

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

UMPS COMPILER,ORCAD, PROGRAMMER

PLANNING

STEPS TIME RESPONSIBILTY
PROJECTS SELECTION    
CIRCUIT AND THEORY ARRANGEMENT    
CHECKING AVAILABILITY OF COMPONENTS    
TESTING CIRCUIT    
PCB DESIGN    
COMPONENT INSERTION AND SOLDERING    
TESTING    
REWORK  OR TROOUBLE SHOOTING    


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GSM Based Irrigation System

Jul

31

2013

bansal212
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Introduction:

GSM based agriculture system is our major project. In this project we can control any electrical MOTOR through mobile or landline from any part of the country. We can use the different types of motors like AC as well as DC motor. This project is basically depending upon our mobile system. We are using DTMF circuit for this project at the input side of the project. We will use the another mobile set with this project to receive the input DTMF circuit.In this project one base unit is connected to the basic landline in parallel with the land line phone.. When we want to control any electrical motor through outer phone then first we  dial the connected mobile no., bell is ringing and after few bell phone is automatic on and switch on the base unit  to operate. Now we press the single digital excess code, if the excess code is ok then unit give a  tone pulse and switch on the base unit. Now again we press the switch on/off code to on/off any electrical motor. With the help of this code unit is on and base unit give a acknowledge pulse for on and off separately. in this project we can control number motors and different electrical functions through mobile. This project is basically used in the various fields like agriculture systems, our residential areas to fill our water tank. There the various applications for this system.

DESCRIPTION:

Our project is divided into various parts:

1)     DTMF CIRCUIT

2)     MICROCONTROLLER AREA

3)     RELAY DERIVE CIRCUIT

4)     AC MOTOR

5)     POWER SUPPLY

In the DTMF circuit we are receiving the dual frequency at the input of the project. For this dual frequency we are using IC 9170, IC 9370. We are connected the mobile connector with is circuit. It has four output and these are connected with IC 74LS154. This is 4:16 mux. The outputs of this IC is connected with our microcontroller. And our relay derive circuit is connected with the output port of microcontroller.

We are using a power supply area of +5 V for microcontroller.In this project one base unit is connected to the basic landline or mobile in parallel with the land line phone.. When we want to control any electrical motor through outer phone then first we  dial the connected mobile no., bell is ringing and after few bell phone is automatic on and switch on the base unit  to operate. Now we press the single digital excess code, if the excess code is ok then unit give a  tone pulse and switch on the base unit. Now again we press the switch on/off code to on/off any electrical motor.

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

DTMF DECODER.

In dtmf decoder circuit we use ic 8870 ic. IC 8870 is a dtmf decoder ic. IC 8870  converts the dual tones to corresponding binary outputs.

DTMF SIGNALLING.    Ac register signaling is used in dtmf telephones, here tones rather than make/break pulse are used fro dialing, each dialed digit is uniquely represented by a pair of sine waves tones. These tones ( one from low group for row and another from high group fro column) are sent to the exchange when a digit is dialed by pushing the key, these tone lies within the speech band of 300 to 3400 hz, and are chosen so as to minimize the possibility of any valid frequency pair existing in normal speech simultaneously. Actually, this minimisator is made possible by forming pairs with one tone from the higher group and the other from the lower of frequencies. A valid dtmf signal is the sum of two tones, one from a lower  group ( 697-940 Hz) and the other from a a higher group ( 1209-1663 Hz). Each group contains four individual tones.  This scheme allows 10 unique combinations. Ten of these code represent digits 1  through 9 and 0. . tones in DTMF dialing  are so chose that none of the tones is harmonic of  are other tone. Therefore  is no change of distortion caused by harmonics. Each tone is sent as along as the key remains pressed. The dtmf signal contains only one component from each  of the high and low group. This significaly simplifies decoding because the composite dtmf signal may be separated with band pass filters into single frequency components, each of which may be handled individually.

Planning:-

First of all we selected the voting machine. But its seems old circuit that’s why  we did not selected this project. then after it we selected mobile control project. In that there was lot to learn because it include micro controller circuit, RF  technology. We spent three days on this project  to collect  its material. We showed this project to our HOD, but they refused this project . so we left the decision to make it. Then we selected the bank security using password and IR senosors.

Hardware required-

8051 programmer universal kit

CRO

Digital multimeter

Software required:

Keil software

ORCAD for PCB design

Proteus for simulation

 ADVANTAGES

·        Low cost

·        Reliable

·        Portable

·        Flexible  due to microcntroller

·        Easy to use- system is very easy to understand

Features-

Wireless system

LCD display

GSM  technology

Hardware required-

8051 programmer universal kit

CRO

Digital multimeter

Software required:

Keil software

ORCAD for PCB design

Proteus for simulation

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

MICROCONTROLLER 89C051

DTMF DECODER CM8870

DECODER IC 74LS154

IC 4049

RELAYS- 180 OHM 12V

RESISTANCES- 100OHM,22K,220K,330K

CAPACITORS- 1000µF,470µF,33PF,1µF

TRANSFORMER 12 V

REGULATOR- 7805

TIMER NE555

DECADE  COUNTER IC 4017

ELECTRICAL SWITCHES

PLYBOARD

COPPER CLAD BOARD

FECL3

AREA OF APPLICATION:

1)     In our agriculture field

2)     In our residential areas

Posted in Electronics Projects, major projects | Leave a comment |

GSM Based Agriculture System 9888708401

Jul

31

2013

bansal212
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Other possible Agriculture projects-

Soil moisture control,

food grain quality testing machine,

agriculture reaper,

farm house automation,

canal edge diversion using sensor,

iriigation control system using mobile Bluetooth,

motor security with calling using gsm,

farm birds keeps away system,

automatic pesticide sparyer,

wirless pesticide tank controller,

pesticide prayer using quadcopter

INTRODUCTION

In this project we can control any electrical MOTOR through mobile or landline from any part of the country.  In this project one base unit is connected to the basic landline in parallel with the land line phone.. When we want to control any electrical motor through outer phone then first we  dial the connected mobile no., bell is ringing and after few bell phone is automatic on and switch on the base unit  to operate. Now we press the single digital excess code, if the excess code is ok then unit give a  tone pulse and switch on the base unit. Now again we press the switch on/off code to on/off any electrical motor. With the help of this code unit is on and base unit give a acknowledge pulse for on and off separately. in this project we can control number motors and different electrical functions through mobile.

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

 DTMF DECODER.

In dtmf decoder circuit we use ic 8870 ic. IC 8870 is a dtmf decoder ic. IC 8870  converts the dual tones to corresponding binary outputs.

 DTMF SIGNALLING.    Ac register signaling is used in dtmf telephones, here tones rather than make/break pulse are used fro dialing, each dialed digit is uniquely represented by a pair of sine waves tones. These tones ( one from low group for row and another from high group fro column) are sent to the exchange when a digit is dialed by pushing the key, these tone lies within the speech band of 300 to 3400 hz, and are chosen so as to minimize the possibility of any valid frequency pair existing in normal speech simultaneously. Actually, this minimisator is made possible by forming pairs with one tone from the higher group and the other from the lower of frequencies. A valid dtmf signal is the sum of two tones, one from a lower  group ( 697-940 Hz) and the other from a a higher group ( 1209-1663 Hz). Each group contains four individual tones.  This scheme allows 10 unique combinations. Ten of these code represent digits 1  through 9 and 0. . tones in DTMF dialing  are so chose that none of the tones is harmonic of  are other tone. Therefore  is no change of distortion caused by harmonics. Each tone is sent as along as the key remains pressed. The dtmf signal contains only one component from each  of the high and low group. This significaly simplifies decoding because the composite dtmf signal may be separated with band pass filters into single frequency components, each of which may be handled individually.

MICROCONTROLLERS.

 Look around. Notice the smart “intelligent” systems? Be it the T.V, washing machines, video games, telephones, automobiles, aero planes, power systems, or any application having a LED or a LCD as a user interface, the control is likely to be in the hands of a micro controller!
Measure and control, that’s where the micro controller is at its best.
Micro controllers are here to stay. Going by the current trend, it is obvious that micro controllers will be playing bigger and bigger roles in the different activities of our lives.

The world of Micro controllers
What is the primary difference between a microprocessor and a micro controller? Unlike the microprocessor, the micro controller can be considered to be a true “Computer on a chip”.
In addition to the various features like the ALU, PC, SP and registers found on a microprocessor, the micro controller also incorporates features like the ROM, RAM, Ports, timers, clock circuits, counters, reset functions etc.
While the microprocessor is more a general-purpose device, used for read, write and calculations on data, the micro controller, in addition to the above functions also controls the environment. We have used a whole lot of technical terms already! Don’t get worried about the meanings at this point. We shall understand these terms as we proceed further

For now just be aware of the fact, that all these terms literally mean what they say.
ADVANTAGES

  •  Low cost
  •  Reliable
  •  Portable
  •  Flexible  due to microcntroller
  •  Easy to use- system is very easy to understand
  •  Against currption- System is against corrupt police. It will help to reduce corruption in police. Because challan’s will be in electronics records.
  •  Protection- it will also help in protecting from bank and home robbery’s.

Features-

  1.  Wireless system
  1.  LCD display
  1.  RF technology

Hardware required-

8051 programmer universal kit

CRO

Digital multimeter

Software required:

Keil software

ORCAD for PCB design

Proteus for simulation

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

MICROCONTROLLER 89C051

DTMF DECODER CM8870

DECODER IC 74LS154

IC 4049

RELAYS- 180 OHM 12V

RESISTANCES- 100OHM,22K,220K,330K

CAPACITORS- 1000µF,470µF,33PF,1µF

TRANSFORMER 12 V

REGULATOR- 7805

TIMER NE555

DECADE  COUNTER IC 4017

ELECTRICAL SWITCHES

PLYBOARD

COPPER CLAD BOARD

FECL3

Posted in ece projects | Leave a comment |

Green Bee

Jul

31

2013

bansal212
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The objective of this project is to design a simple, easy to install, microcontroller-based
circuit to monitor and record the values of temperature, humidity, soil moisture and sunlight of
the natural environment that are continuously modified and controlled in order optimize them to
achieve maximum plant growth and yield. The controller used is a low power, cost efficient chip
manufactured by ATMEL having 8K bytes of on-chip flash memory. It communicates with the
various sensor modules in real-time in order to control the light, aeration and drainage process
efficiently inside a greenhouse by actuating a cooler, fogger, dripper and lights respectively
according to the necessary condition of the crops. An integrated Liquid crystal display (LCD) is
also used for real time display of data acquired from the various sensors and the status of the
various devices. Also, the use of easily available components reduces the manufacturing and
maintenance costs. The design is quite flexible as the software can be changed any time. It can
thus be tailor-made to the specific requirements of the user.

This makes the proposed system to be an economical, portable and a low maintenance
solution for greenhouse applications, especially in rural areas and for small scale agriculturists.

SENSOR’S:

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

In this project we use many sensor’s . Out of these sensor’s one sensor is temperature sensor. Here in this project we use LM 35 as a temperature sensors. LM35 is very accurate and very good sensor to show the temperature in celicus. For body temperature measurement we use IC LM34 sensor. LM35 is a linear temperature sensor. To convert this output for the input of the ADC we use op-amp  current amplifier to convert the signal into 0-5volt dc.Here in this project we use  op-amp op07 ( industrial amplifier ).LM 35 is connected to the pin no 3 of the op-amp via 2.2k ohm resistor. Pin no 2 which is –ve input of the op-amp is set to the reference voltage by 1k variable resistor. Centre point of 1 k ohm resistor is connected to the pin no 2 via 10 k ohm resistor. Positive voltage is also applied to the one shaft of the preset via 3.3k ohm resistor. 4.7k ohm resistor is also grounded from the 1k variable resistor. Pin no 7 of the ic is connected to the positive  5 volt . Pin no 4 is connected to the common ground point. One feedback resistor is connected from output pin to the pin no 2 which is 50 k ohm resistor. So by this way we set the gain of 5 by this opamp. We set the minimum reference voltage by preset ( variable resistor) and when temperature rises then output is also increases with the gain of 5 and connected to the  IN0 input of the ADC.

Temperature Sensor – The LM35

The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in oC)

The LM35 – An Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor

  • Why Use LM35s To Measure Temperature?
    • You can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor.
    • The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc.
    • The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require that the output voltage be amplified.
  • What Does An LM35 Look Like?
  • What Does an LM35 Do?  How does it work?
    • It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature.
    • The scale factor is .01V/oC
    • The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an accuracy of  +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100 oC.
    • Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The sensor self-heating causes less than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.

The LM35 comes in many different packages, including the following.

  • TO-92 plastic transistor-like package,
  • T0-46 metal can transistor-like package
  • 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package
  • TO-202 package. (Shown in the picture above)
  • How Do You Use An LM35?  (Electrical Connections)
    • Here is a commonly used circuit.  For connections refer to the picture above.
    • In this circuit, parameter values commonly used are:
      • Vc = 4 to 30v
      • 5v or 12 v are typical values used.
      • Ra = Vc /10-6
      • Actually, it can range from 80 KW to 600 KW , but most just use 80 KW.
    • Here is a photo of the LM 35 wired on a circuit board.
      • The white wire in the photo goes to the power supply.
      • Both the resistor and the black wire go to ground.
      • The output voltage is measured from the middle pin to ground.l

Here we use lm 35 is connected to the op-amp circuit to amplify the current Output of the LM35 is further connected to the pin no 26 of the ADC. Here we use 0809 Adc to convert analogue signal into digital signal. This signal is further connected to the microcontroller.

 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR.

In the soil moisture sensor we check conductivity of the soil . for this purpose we insert two probes in the field. If the field is wet then conductivity is more and resistance is less. If the field is dry then conductivity is less and  resistance is high. To measure the conductivity we use one NPN transistor  circuit. Emitter of the NPN transistor is connected to the input of adc and collector of the transistor is connected to the positive supply 5volt. Base is biased through positive voltage through 100 ohm resistor in series with the conductivity probe. Emitter voltage is also set by the one variable resistor 10 k. One point of the 10 k ohm resistor is connected to the positive point and  third point of the 10 k ohm resistor is grounded. Centre point of the 10 k ohm resistor is connected to the emitter of the transistor and go though the  input of ADC IN2. As the base voltage is change according the  resistance of the field. ADc input is also change .

LIGHT SENSOR:

In the light sensor we use one LDR. LDR is a light dependent resistor. Resistance of the ldr is depend on the intensisty of the light. As the light on the ldr is change , resistance of ldr is also change. Resistance of the ldr is varies from 1k ohm to 500 k ohm. In full llight resistance of the ldr is very low   below then 1 k ohm and in no light resistance of the ldr is become very high above then 500k ohm.

In this project we use ldr with only one 10k ohm variable resistor. This 10 k ohm resistor is connected to the positive voltage 5volt.

CIRCUIT WORKING:

OUR complete  project is to be divided into  6 sections.

Power supply.

Sensor signal conditioning

Analogue to digital converter.

Microcontroller interface.

LCD  connectivity.

Output interface.

POWER SUPPLY

5 VOLT REGULATED POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT.

In this project firstly we use one step down transformer. Step down transformer step down the voltage from 220 volt Ac to  12 volt Ac. This Ac voltage is further converted into DC with the help of rectifier circuit. In rectifier circuit we use four diode. All the diodes  are arranges as a bridge rectifier circuit. Output of this rectifier is pulsating Dc. To convert this pulsating DC into smooth dc we use one capacitor as a filter components. Capacitor converts the pulsating Dc into smooth DC with the help of its charging and discharging effect.

Output of the rectifier is now regulated with the help of  IC regulator circuit. In this project we use positive voltage regulator circuit. Here we use three pin regulator. Output of this regulator is regulated voltage. If we use 7805 regulator then its means its is 5 volt regulator and if we use 7808 regulator then its means that it is 8 volt regulator circuit. In this project we use 5 volt dc regulated power supply for the complete circuit.

Appropriate environmental conditions are necessary for optimum plant growth, improved
crop yields, and efficient use of water and other resources. Automating the data acquisition
process of the soil conditions and various climatic parameters that govern plant growth allows
information to be collected at high frequency with less labor requirements. The existing systems
employ PC or SMS-based systems for keeping the user continuously informed of the conditions
inside the greenhouse; but are unaffordable, bulky, difficult to maintain and less accepted by the
technologically unskilled workers.

ADVANTAGES

Low cost

Reliable

Portable

Flexible  due to microcntroller

Easy to use- system is very easy to understand

It wil also help in irrigation department for farmers to control temperature

Features-

Microcontroller 8051 or PIC controller

LCD display

Sensors

·        Moisture

·        LDR

·        Temperature

Hardware required-

8051 programmer universal kit

CRO 20 Mhz

Digital multimeter

Software required:

Keil software- Microvision 2- we will use keil software to compile and

simulate  program file. We can write programming code in C or assembly language file

ORCAD for PCB design 10.5 – we will design layout in ORCAD software.

Proteus for simulation 7.4 version- we will use proteus softw

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Echo-System Sensor Based

Jul

31

2013

bansal212
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Appropriate environmental conditions are necessary for optimum plant growth, improved
crop yields, and efficient use of water and other resources. Automating the data acquisition
process of the soil conditions and various climatic parameters that govern plant growth allows
information to be collected at high frequency with less labor requirements. The existing systems
employ PC or SMS-based systems for keeping the user continuously informed of the conditions
inside the greenhouse; but are unaffordable, bulky, difficult to maintain and less accepted by the
technologically unskilled workers.

The objective of this project is to design a simple, easy to install, microcontroller-based
circuit to monitor and record the values of temperature, humidity, soil moisture and sunlight of
the natural environment that are continuously modified and controlled in order optimize them to
achieve maximum plant growth and yield. The controller used is a low power, cost efficient chip
manufactured by ATMEL having 8K bytes of on-chip flash memory. It communicates with the
various sensor modules in real-time in order to control the light, aeration and drainage process
efficiently inside a greenhouse by actuating a cooler, fogger, dripper and lights respectively
according to the necessary condition of the crops. An integrated Liquid crystal display (LCD) is
also used for real time display of data acquired from the various sensors and the status of the
various devices. Also, the use of easily available components reduces the manufacturing and
maintenance costs. The design is quite flexible as the software can be changed any time. It can
thus be tailor-made to the specific requirements of the user.

This makes the proposed system to be an economical, portable and a low maintenance
solution for greenhouse applications, especially in rural areas and for small scale agriculturists.

CIRCUIT WORKING:

OUR complete  project is to be divided into  6 sections.

Power supply.

Sensor signal conditioning

Analogue to digital converter.

Microcontroller interface.

LCD  connectivity.

Output interface.

POWER SUPPLY

5 VOLT REGULATED POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT.

In this project firstly we use one step down transformer. Step down transformer step down the voltage from 220 volt Ac to  12 volt Ac. This Ac voltage is further converted into DC with the help of rectifier circuit. In rectifier circuit we use four diode. All the diodes  are arranges as a bridge rectifier circuit. Output of this rectifier is pulsating Dc. To convert this pulsating DC into smooth dc we use one capacitor as a filter components. Capacitor converts the pulsating Dc into smooth DC with the help of its charging and discharging effect.

Output of the rectifier is now regulated with the help of  IC regulator circuit. In this project we use positive voltage regulator circuit. Here we use three pin regulator. Output of this regulator is regulated voltage. If we use 7805 regulator then its means its is 5 volt regulator and if we use 7808 regulator then its means that it is 8 volt regulator circuit. In this project we use 5 volt dc regulated power supply for the complete circuit.

SENSOR’S:

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

In this project we use many sensor’s . Out of these sensor’s one sensor is temperature sensor. Here in this project we use LM 35 as a temperature sensors. LM35 is very accurate and very good sensor to show the temperature in celicus. For body temperature measurement we use IC LM34 sensor. LM35 is a linear temperature sensor. To convert this output for the input of the ADC we use op-amp  current amplifier to convert the signal into 0-5volt dc.Here in this project we use  op-amp op07 ( industrial amplifier ).LM 35 is connected to the pin no 3 of the op-amp via 2.2k ohm resistor. Pin no 2 which is –ve input of the op-amp is set to the reference voltage by 1k variable resistor. Centre point of 1 k ohm resistor is connected to the pin no 2 via 10 k ohm resistor. Positive voltage is also applied to the one shaft of the preset via 3.3k ohm resistor. 4.7k ohm resistor is also grounded from the 1k variable resistor. Pin no 7 of the ic is connected to the positive  5 volt . Pin no 4 is connected to the common ground point. One feedback resistor is connected from output pin to the pin no 2 which is 50 k ohm resistor. So by this way we set the gain of 5 by this opamp. We set the minimum reference voltage by preset ( variable resistor) and when temperature rises then output is also increases with the gain of 5 and connected to the  IN0 input of the ADC.

Temperature Sensor – The LM35

The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in oC)

The LM35 – An Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor

  • Why Use LM35s To Measure Temperature?
    • You can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor.
    • The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc.
    • The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require that the output voltage be amplified.
  • What Does An LM35 Look Like?
  • What Does an LM35 Do?  How does it work?
    • It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature.
    • The scale factor is .01V/oC
    • The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an accuracy of  +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100 oC.
    • Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The sensor self-heating causes less than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.

The LM35 comes in many different packages, including the following.

  • TO-92 plastic transistor-like package,
  • T0-46 metal can transistor-like package
  • 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package
  • TO-202 package. (Shown in the picture above)
  • How Do You Use An LM35?  (Electrical Connections)
    • Here is a commonly used circuit.  For connections refer to the picture above.
    • In this circuit, parameter values commonly used are:
      • Vc = 4 to 30v
      • 5v or 12 v are typical values used.
      • Ra = Vc /10-6
      • Actually, it can range from 80 KW to 600 KW , but most just use 80 KW.
    • Here is a photo of the LM 35 wired on a circuit board.
      • The white wire in the photo goes to the power supply.
      • Both the resistor and the black wire go to ground.
      • The output voltage is measured from the middle pin to ground.l

Here we use lm 35 is connected to the op-amp circuit to amplify the current Output of the LM35 is further connected to the pin no 26 of the ADC. Here we use 0809 Adc to convert analogue signal into digital signal. This signal is further connected to the microcontroller.

 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR.

In the soil moisture sensor we check conductivity of the soil . for this purpose we insert two probes in the field. If the field is wet then conductivity is more and resistance is less. If the field is dry then conductivity is less and  resistance is high. To measure the conductivity we use one NPN transistor  circuit. Emitter of the NPN transistor is connected to the input of adc and collector of the transistor is connected to the positive supply 5volt. Base is biased through positive voltage through 100 ohm resistor in series with the conductivity probe. Emitter voltage is also set by the one variable resistor 10 k. One point of the 10 k ohm resistor is connected to the positive point and  third point of the 10 k ohm resistor is grounded. Centre point of the 10 k ohm resistor is connected to the emitter of the transistor and go though the  input of ADC IN2. As the base voltage is change according the  resistance of the field. ADc input is also change .

LIGHT SENSOR:

In the light sensor we use one LDR. LDR is a light dependent resistor. Resistance of the ldr is depend on the intensisty of the light. As the light on the ldr is change , resistance of ldr is also change. Resistance of the ldr is varies from 1k ohm to 500 k ohm. In full llight resistance of the ldr is very low   below then 1 k ohm and in no light resistance of the ldr is become very high above then 500k ohm.

In this project we use ldr with only one 10k ohm variable resistor. This 10 k ohm resistor is connected to the positive voltage 5volt.

ADVANTAGES

Low cost

Reliable

Portable

Flexible  due to microcntroller

Easy to use- system is very easy to understand

It wil also help in irrigation department for farmers to control temperature

Features-

Microcontroller 8051 or PIC controller

LCD display

Sensors

·        Moisture

·        LDR

·        Temperature

Hardware required-

8051 programmer universal kit

CRO 20 Mhz

Digital multimeter

Software required:

Keil software- Microvision 2- we will use keil software to compile and

simulate  program file. We can write programming code in C or assembly language file

ORCAD for PCB design 10.5 – we will design layout in ORCAD software.

Proteus for simulation 7.4 version- we will use proteus softw

Posted in ece projects, Uncategorized | Leave a comment |

GPS Tracking Robot

Jul

31

2013

bansal212
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In this project we will make project using 89s51. In this project we will sense the accident and our system will automatically send sms of location on our mobile no. In this  project we will use GPS to monitor current location. GSM modem to send SMS. Then sensor on that side will detect the car using Reed sensor. When sensor will get signal from car having magnet, then it will  give signal to microcontroller 89s51. Mirocontroller will display that station LCD connected with it. So wherever our robotic car will go oursensor will read it and Display ON . We will use 16*2 LCD for this purpose. We will connect REED sensor for car detection. We are using IC89s51 because we studying it in degree. We know about it.  We will connect sensors on port 1 and LCD on port0. Register select pin of LCD on p2. 5, READ/WRITE on p2.4, Enable on p2.3. port 0 is open collector port so we will connect 10k register array with it. In this project we will use readymade robot. And use reed sensor for detection of robot.

Item Qty. Cost in rs.  ID
mcU 89s51 1 60 IC 89C2051
CRYSTAL 1 25 12 MHZ
CERAMIC 2 2 27 PF
CONNECTING WIRES   20  
IC BASE 1 10 20 PIN
LCD 1 350 16 PIN
LEDS 5 2 RED 15 MM
REGULATOR 1 10 7805
CAP 1 10 1000 MICROFARAD
TR 2 3*2 TR548
  2 3*2 TR 558
MICRO SWITCHES 2 1 PUSH TO ON
REED SENSOR 8 5*8 MAGNETIC
Stepper motor 1 350 12v

  WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF THE MICROCONTROLLERS.

 Look around. Notice the smart “intelligent” systems? Be it the T.V, washing machines, video games, telephones, automobiles, aero planes, power systems, or any application having a LED or a LCD as a user interface, the control is likely to be in the hands of a micro controller!

Measure and control, that’s where the micro controller is at its best.

Micro controllers are here to stay. Going by the current trend, it is obvious that micro controllers will be playing bigger and bigger roles in the different activities of our lives.

So where does this scenario leave us? Think about it……

The world of Micro controllers

What is the primary difference between a microprocessor and a micro controller? Unlike the microprocessor, the micro controller can be considered to be a true “Computer on a chip”.

In addition to the various features like the ALU, PC, SP and registers found on a microprocessor, the micro controller also incorporates features like the ROM, RAM, Ports, timers, clock circuits, counters, reset functions etc.

While the microprocessor is more a general-purpose device, used for read, write and calculations on data, the micro controller, in addition to the above functions also controls the environment.

We have used a whole lot of technical terms already! Don’t get worried about the meanings at this point. We shall understand these terms as we proceed further

For now just be aware of the fact, that all these terms literally mean what they say.

Bits and Bytes
Before starting on the 8051, here is a quick run through on the bits and bytes. The basic unit of data for a computer is a bit. Four bits make a nibble. Eight bits or two nibbles make a byte. Sixteen bits or four nibbles or two bytes make a word.
1024 bytes make a kilobyte or 1KB, and 1024 KB make a Mega Byte or 1MB.
Thus when we talk of an 8-bit register, we mean the register is capable of holding data of 8 bits only.

The 8051
The 8051 developed and launched in the early 80`s, is one of the most popular micro controller in use today. It has a reasonably large amount of built in ROM and RAM. In addition it has the ability to access external memory.

The generic term `8×51` is used to define the device. The value of x defining the kind of ROM, i.e. x=0, indicates none, x=3, indicates mask ROM, x=7, indicates EPROM and x=9 indicates EEPROM or Flash.

A note on ROM
The early 8051, namely the 8031 was designed without any ROM. This device could run only with external memory connected to it. Subsequent developments lead to the development of the PROM or the programmable ROM. This type had the disadvantage of being highly unreliable.

The next in line, was the EPROM or Erasable Programmable ROM. These devices used ultraviolet light erasable memory cells. Thus a program could be loaded, tested and erased using ultra violet rays. A new program could then be loaded again.
An improved EPROM was the EEPROM or the electrically erasable PROM. This does not require ultra violet rays, and memory can be cleared using circuits within the chip itself.
Finally there is the FLASH, which is an improvement over the EEPROM. While the terms EEPROM and flash are sometimes used interchangeably, the difference lies in the fact that flash erases the complete memory at one stroke, and not act on the individual cells. This results in reducing the time for erasure.

Understanding the basic features of the 8051 core
Let’s now move on to a practical example. We shall work on a simple practical application and using the example as a base, shall explore the various features of the 8051 microcontroller.
The positive side (+ve) of the battery is connected to one side of a switch. The other side of the switch is connected to a bulb or LED (Light Emitting Diode). The bulb is then connected to a resistor, and the other end of the resistor is connected to the negative (-ve) side of the battery.
When the switch is closed or ‘switched on’ the bulb glows. When the switch is open or ‘switched off’ the bulb goes off
If you are instructed to put the switch on and off every 30 seconds, how would you do it? Obviously you would keep looking at your watch and every time the second hand crosses 30 seconds you would keep turning the switch on and off.
Imagine if you had to do this action consistently for a full day. Do you think you would be able to do it? Now if you had to do this for a month, a year??

The next step would be, then to make it automatic. This is where we use the Microcontroller.

But if the action has to take place every 30 seconds, how will the microcontroller keep track of time?

Execution time
Look at the following instruction,
clr p1.0

DC motors:These are the motors that are commonly found in the toys and the tape recorders. These motors change the direction of rotation by changing the polarity. Most chips can’t pass enough current or voltage to spin a motor. Also, motors tend to be electrically noisy (spikes) and can slam power back into the control lines when the motor direction or speed is changed.

Specialized circuits (motor drivers) have been developed to supply motors with power and to isolate the other ICs from electrical problems. These circuits can be designed such that they can be completely separate boards, reusable from project to project.

A very popular circuit for driving DC motors (ordinary or gearhead) is called an H-bridge. It’s called that because it looks like the capital letter ‘H’ on classic schematics. The great ability of an H-bridge circuit is that the motor can be driven forward or backward at any speed, optionally using a completely independent power source.

This circuit known as the H-bridge (named for its topological similarity to the letter “H”) is commonly used to drive motors. In this circuit two of four transistors are selectively enabled to control current flow through a motor.

opposite pair of transistors (Transistor One and Transistor Three) is enabled, allowing current to flow through the motor. The other pair is disabled, and can be thought of as out of the circuit.

By determining which pair of transistors is enabled, current can be made to flow in either of the two directions through the motor. Because permanent-magnet motors reverse their direction of turn when the current flow is reversed, this circuit allows bidirectional control of the motor.

It should be clear that one would never want to enable Transistors One and Two or Transistors Three and Four simultaneously. This would cause current to flow from Power + to Power – through the transistors, and not the motors, at the maximum current-handling capacity of either the power supply or the transistors. This usually results in failure of the H-Bridge. To prevent the possibility of this failure, enable circuitry as depicted in Figure is typically used.

In this circuit, the internal inverters ensure that the vertical pairs of transistors are never enabled simultaneously. The Enable  input determines whether or not the whole circuit is operational. If this input is false, then none of the transistors are enabled, and the motor is free to coast to a stop.

By turning on the Enable input and controlling the two Direction inputs, the motor can be made to turn in either direction.

Note that if both direction inputs are the same state (either true or false) and the circuit is enabled, both terminals will be brought to the same voltage (Power + or Power – , respectively). This operation will actively brake the motor, due to a property of motors known as back emf, in which a motor that is turning generates a voltage counter to its rotation. When both terminals of the motor are brought to the same electrical potential, the back emf causes resistance to the motor’s rotation.

Components required:

MCU 89c2051

Crystal 11.592 MHz- 1 nos.

On/off Switch- 1 nos.

Diodes IN 4001- 10 nos.

Optocoupler 817- 2nos.

Cap 10µf,0.1 µf,330µf

Transistors -547or 548

Resistances 330 Ω,8.2kΩ,30pf

LED

IC7805  voltage Regulator

Motors dc

Infrared sensors set

Copper Clad board

Ply board

Ferric Chloride

Wires

Soldering iron

Soldering wire

Flux

Posted in Electronics Projects, Robotics | Leave a comment |

Gas Detector With Alarm

Jul

31

2013

bansal212
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GAS DETECTION ALERT is our major project. Here in this project we show that how we detect gases and if we detect a gases then alarm is on and the same time lcd display shows the gas detection display. If the gas is detected then relay is off and break the supply of gas applied to the vehicle or we can control any type of electrical connection on or off by this relay operated logic.

Main part of this project is gas sensor.

Here we use TGS gas sensor. This sensor is a 6 pin sensor . Top and  bottom of the sensor is covered with 100 mesh stainless stell wire cloth. The heart of the sensor is the cylindrical form in the middle of the unit. The cylinder is a ceramic material with the SnO2 material deposited on its surface. The heater coil is located inside the ceramic cylinder. The heater has a resistance of 38 ohms.

Output of the gas sensor is connected the ic 555 as a monostable trigger ic. As the sensor is detect a gas then ic 555 activate automatically and then output of the ic 555 is connected to the microcontroller circuit.

In the microcontroller circuit we use ic 89s51 controller. Use of this is is to control the one or many relay logic and at the same time show the message on the lcd display. If no gas is detected then display shows a everything is ok . If the gas is detected then show a warning message on the screen and at the same time relay off the supply unit.

Logic circuit.

Gas sensor interface.

Schimtt trigger circuit.

Microcontroller interface.

Lcd interface.

Alarm  control

Relay on/off  control

IN the  gas sensor interface we use gas  sensor as a input logic. We attach one ic 555 as  with this sensor . Here ic 555 work as a monostable timer.  Sensor output is connected to the  ic 555 pin no 2 via npn transistor. Pin no 2 is a negative trigger ic. When sensor activate then positive output is available and  this positive output  is converted into  negative with the help of the NPN transistor. Output of the NPN transistor is now connected to the  pin no 2 of the ic 555. Pinno 4 and 8 of the ic 555 is connected to the positive supply. Pin no 1 is connected to the ground pin. Pin no 7 is the output pin. Pin no 6 and 7 is the time constant pin. Pin no 6 and 7 provide a time constant option. When ic 555 works then  output is available on the pin no 3 . Now this output is switching by the further NPN transistor.One led is also connected to the  transistor circuit. Output of the npn transistor is available on the collector point. This output  from the collector of NPN is  now connected to the microcontroller pin no 1 which is port p1.0. Pin no 40 of the  controller is connected to the positive supply. We supply a 5 volt regulated power supply on this pin. For regulated power supply we use one step down transformer  . Step down transformer step down the voltage from 220 volt ac to 9 volt ac. This ac is converted into  dc with the help of the rectifier circuit. Here we use two diode as a  full wave rectifier. Output of the rectifier is now converted into 5 volt regulated supply with the help of 7805 regulator. IC 7805 regulator  provide a 5 volt constant  supply to pin no 40 of the ic. Pin no 20 is connected to the ground pin.  LCD is connected to the port 0. Here we use 2 by 16 lcd for display. 2 by 16 means  2 line and 16 character.

Two output is available from the controller from port P2. One output is buzzer and second output    is relay output. Buzzer is on when  circuit sense a gas and  relay  switch off the supply chain.

To control a relay we use two transistor circuit. Output from the controller is  drive the pnp transistor through  1 k ohm resistor. Collector of the pnp transistor is connected to the npn transistor through 1 k ohm resistor. Collector of the NPN transistor is connected to the  relay coil  directly. . Here relay is for the switching purpose only . As the  transistor is on  relay is on and relay break the contact of supply  chain.

 Applications:

Used in gas industry

In hotels

In home kitchen

Advantages:

Low cost

Easy to make

Digital control

COMPONENTS USED:

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER       220 TO 9 VOLT AC=150

DIODE    IN 4007(2)=10

CAPACITOR  ,1000 MFD (1), 33 MFD (1), 27 PF (2).20

NPN TRANSISTOR BC 548(4)=15

PNP TRANSISTOR BC 558(2)=15

RESISTOR  100 K (2), 1 K (4), 470 OHM (1), 10 K (3)=20

PULL UP RESISITOR ARRAY. 10 K (1)=10

VARIABLE RESISTOR 4.7 K (1)=5

L.E.D (3)=6

RELAY 12 VOLT=15

BUZZER DC=5

BULB HOLDER=15

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Garage System + RF Based

Jul

31

2013

bansal212
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In this project we will make project on Automatic home garage using embedded system .if any car will come, it will have its unique electronics  ID. Garage shutter will automatically open for  car. For car detection we will use RFID. When  car will come garage will automatically open.

Microcontroller provide a signal to the motor circuit. Motor is not directly connected with the microcontroller. For the safety of the main processor we interface the motor with optocoupler circuit. Here we use pc 817 ( 4 pin opto coupler) to interface the micro controller with  the motor circuit. We use H bridge circuit with the motor. H bridge basically control the movement of the motor. With the help of this H bridge we change the direction of the motor. We use four transistor circuit with each motor. We are using four transistor circuit. Out of these four transistor  two transistor is NPN and two transistor and PNP transistor.  One NPN and One PNP provide a one direction voltage and motor moves on one direction. Second NPN and second PNP transistor again change the direction of the motor automatically.

Micro-controllers:

Look around. Notice the smart “intelligent” systems? Be it the T.V, washing machines, video games, telephones, automobiles, aero planes, power systems, or any application having a LED or a LCD as a user interface, the control is likely to be in the hands of a micro controller!

Measure and control, that’s where the micro controller is at its best.

Micro controllers are here to stay. Going by the current trend, it is obvious that micro controllers will be playing bigger and bigger roles in the different activities of our lives.So where does this scenario leave us? Think about it……The world of Micro controllersWhat is the primary difference between a microprocessor and a micro controller? Unlike the microprocessor, the micro controller can be considered to be a true “Computer on a chip”.

In addition to the various features like the ALU, PC, SP and registers found on a microprocessor, the micro controller also incorporates features like the ROM, RAM, Ports, timers, clock circuits, counters, reset functions etc.

While the microprocessor is more a general-purpose device, used for read, write and calculations on data, the micro controller, in addition to the above functions also controls the environment.

We have used a whole lot of technical terms already! Don’t get worried about the meanings at this point. We shall understand these terms as we proceed further

For now just be aware of the fact, that all these terms literally mean what they say.

Bits and Bytes

Before starting on the 8051, here is a quick run through on the bits and bytes. The basic unit of data for a computer is a bit. Four bits make a nibble. Eight bits or two nibbles make a byte. Sixteen bits or four nibbles or two bytes make a word.1024 bytes make a kilobyte or 1KB, and 1024 KB make a Mega Byte or 1MB.Thus when we talk of an 8-bit register, we mean the register is capable of holding data of 8 bits only.

The 8051
The 8051 developed and launched in the early 80`s, is one of the most popular micro controller in use today. It has a reasonably large amount of built in ROM and RAM. In addition it has the ability to access external memory.

The generic term `8×51` is used to define the device. The value of x defining the kind of ROM, i.e. x=0, indicates none, x=3, indicates mask ROM, x=7, indicates EPROM and x=9 indicates EEPROM or Flash.

A note on ROM

The early 8051, namely the 8031 was designed without any ROM. This device could run only with external memory connected to it. Subsequent developments lead to the development of the PROM or the programmable ROM. This type had the disadvantage of being highly unreliable.

The next in line, was the EPROM or Erasable Programmable ROM. These devices used ultraviolet light erasable memory cells. Thus a program could be loaded, tested and erased using ultra violet rays. A new program could then be loaded again.

An improved EPROM was the EEPROM or the electrically erasable PROM. This does not require ultra violet rays, and memory can be cleared using circuits within the chip itself.

Finally there is the FLASH, which is an improvement over the EEPROM. While the terms EEPROM and flash are sometimes used interchangeably, the difference lies in the fact that flash erases the complete memory at one stroke, and not act on the individual cells. This results in reducing the time for erasure.

Understanding the basic features of the 8051 core

Let’s now move on to a practical example. We shall work on a simple practical application and using the example as a base, shall explore the various features of the 8051 microcontroller.

The positive side (+ve) of the battery is connected to one side of a switch. The other side of the switch is connected to a bulb or LED (Light Emitting Diode). The bulb is then connected to a resistor, and the other end of the resistor is connected to the negative (-ve) side of the battery.

When the switch is closed or ‘switched on’ the bulb glows. When the switch is open or ‘switched off’ the bulb goes off

If you are instructed to put the switch on and off every 30 seconds, how would you do it? Obviously you would keep looking at your watch and every time the second hand crosses 30 seconds you would keep turning the switch on and off.

Imagine if you had to do this action consistently for a full day. Do you think you would be able to do it? Now if you had to do this for a month, a year??

No way, you would say!

The next step would be, then to make it automatic. This is where we use the Microcontroller.

But if the action has to take place every 30 seconds, how will the microcontroller keep track of time?

Execution time

Look at the following instruction,
clr p1.0

DC motors:

These are the motors that are commonly found in the toys and the tape recorders. These motors change the direction of rotation by changing the polarity. Most chips can’t pass enough current or voltage to spin a motor. Also, motors tend to be electrically noisy (spikes) and can slam power back into the control lines when the motor direction or speed is changed.

Specialized circuits (motor drivers) have been developed to supply motors with power and to isolate the other ICs from electrical problems. These circuits can be designed such that they can be completely separate boards, reusable from project to project.

A very popular circuit for driving DC motors (ordinary or gearhead) is called an H-bridge. It’s called that because it looks like the capital letter ‘H’ on classic schematics. The great ability of an H-bridge circuit is that the motor can be driven forward or backward at any speed, optionally using a completely independent power source.

This circuit known as the H-bridge (named for its topological similarity to the letter “H”) is commonly used to drive motors. In this circuit two of four transistors are selectively enabled to control current flow through a motor.

opposite pair of transistors (Transistor One and Transistor Three) is enabled, allowing current to flow through the motor. The other pair is disabled, and can be thought of as out of the circuit.

By determining which pair of transistors is enabled, current can be made to flow in either of the two directions through the motor. Because permanent-magnet motors reverse their direction of turn when the current flow is reversed, this circuit allows bidirectional control of the motor.

It should be clear that one would never want to enable Transistors One and Two or Transistors Three and Four simultaneously. This would cause current to flow from Power + to Power – through the transistors, and not the motors, at the maximum current-handling capacity of either the power supply or the transistors. This usually results in failure of the H-Bridge. To prevent the possibility of this failure, enable circuitry as depicted in Figure is typically used.

In this circuit, the internal inverters ensure that the vertical pairs of transistors are never enabled simultaneously. The Enable  input determines whether or not the whole circuit is operational. If this input is false, then none of the transistors are enabled, and the motor is free to coast to a stop.

By turning on the Enable input and controlling the two Direction inputs, the motor can be made to turn in either direction.

Note that if both direction inputs are the same state (either true or false) and the circuit is enabled, both terminals will be brought to the same voltage (Power + or Power – , respectively). This operation will actively brake the motor, due to a property of motors known as back emf, in which a motor that is turning generates a voltage counter to its rotation. When both terminals of the motor are brought to the same electrical potential, the back emf causes resistance to the motor’s rotation.

 

 

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