Think of this situation. You are going to a place where you don’t know the language. If you are traveling in a bus you will find it difficult to find the right place to get down. You always will have to rely on some one else. What if we had a display that shows the place where the bus currently is. This information can be used to find out the location of the bus. Use an LED matrix display or LCD

•       In this project we use reed sensors, which is used to indicate the bus

• When bus enters the bus stop the it is indicated on the led or lcd.

• The lcd displays the name of the bus stop where the bus is standing so that passenger can easily get down

• This avoids misleading to the passengers.

 

 

 

  The Project is based on embedded system:-

What is Embedded System?

An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular function. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys (as well as the more obvious cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system. Embedded systems that are programmable are provided with programming interfaces, and embedded systems programming is a specialized occupation.

Certain operating systems or language platforms are tailored for the embedded market, such as Embedded Java and Windows XP Embedded. However, some low-end consumer products use very inexpensive microprocessors and limited storage, with the application and operating system both part of a single program. The program is written permanently into the system’s memory in this case, rather than being loaded into RAM (random access memory) like programs on a personal computer.

 Microcontroller:-

A microcontroller (often abbreviated MCU) is a single computer chip that executes a user program, normally for the purpose of controlling some device hence the name microcontroller.

A microcontroller is differed from microprocessor in many ways. Basically microprocessors are the devices which can process huge amount of data. A microprocessor can’t do anything on it own. Even to light a led a microprocessor needs minimum of a ROM, RAM, Latch, Address decoders, PORT controllers. But for the same application if you take a microcontroller you barely need a crystal and some capacitors.

So from this you can understand how versatile the microcontroller is.

Different microcontrollers in market

 

• PIC:    One of the famous microcontrollers used in the industries. It is based on RISC Architecture which makes the microcontroller process faster than other microcontroller.

 

• INTEL: These are the first to manufacture microcontrollers. These are not as sophisticated other microcontrollers but still the easiest one to learn.

 

• Atmel: Atmel’s AVR microcontrollers are one of the most powerful in the embedded industry. This is the only microcontroller having 1kb of ram even the entry stage. But it is unfortunate that in India we are unable to find this kind of microcontroller.

PIC

PIC (“Programmable Intelligent Computer” or “Peripheral Interface Controller”) microcontroller is popular among engineers and hobbyists alike. PIC microcontrollers come in a variety of “flavors”, each with different components and capabilities.

Many types of electronic projects can be constructed easily with the PIC family of microprocessors, among them clocks, very simple video games, robots, servo controllers, and many more. The PIC is a very general purpose microcontroller that can come with many different options, for very reasonable prices.

Intel 8051

Intel 8051 is CISC architecture which is easy to program in assembly language and also has a good support for High level languages.

This microcontroller is one of the easiest microcontrollers to learn.

The 8051 microcontroller is in the field for more than 20 years. There are lots of books and study materials are readily available for 8051.

  ATMEL 89s51

Features

•  Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
• 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory – Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
•  Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
•  Three-level Program Memory Lock
•  128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
•  32 Programmable I/O Lines
•  Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
•  Six Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
•  Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
•  Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
•  Dual Data Pointer
•  Power-off Flag
•  Fast Programming Time
•  Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

Description

 The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful

microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

 IR SENSORS 

 Position of sensors,  left hand side is side view and right hand side is top view.

 

Component Cost
S.No.	Item	Quantity	Rate/Unit	Rate(Rs.)
1.	MCU 89s51	1	80	80
2.	Reed sensors	1	50	50
3.	DIODES	4	4	16
4.	PCB	1	800	800
5.	Buzzer	1	25	25
6.	Crystal	1	25	25
7.	LCD	1	250	250
8.	optocoupler	4	20	80
9.	Microswitch	1	3	3
10.	battery connector	1	10	10
11.	Push to On Sw	3	12	36
12.	SOLDERING WIRE	1	25	25
13.	SOLDERING IRON	1	120	120
14.	FLUX	1	10	10
15.	CONNECTING WIRE	1	50	50
16.	RESISTENCES	20	0.2	4
17.	CAPACITORS			0
18.	1000µf	2	10	20
19.	100µf	1	5	5
20.	470µf	4	5	20
21.	DIODES	8	1	8
22.	LED	8	1	8
23.	Crystal 12MHz	2	25	50
24.	IC BASE	3	5	15
25.	IC 7805 Volt. Reg	2	15	30
26.	TRANSFORMER 9 V	1	30	30
27.	SOCKETS	3	10	30
28.	MILER CAP	5	3	15
29.	HOLDER	2	10	20
30.	PLY BOARD	1	100	100
31.	TAPE ROLL	1	10	10
32.	Copper Clad Board	1	100	100
33.	FeCl3	1	100	100
34.	Screws/bolt	2	2	4
35.	Batteries	1	15	15