Training Workshop Projects

Introduciton

In this project we will use wireless technology to monitor theft in Electricity meter. An electric meter is a device used for measuring the amount of electrical energy supplied to a residential or commercial building. Due to the increasing cost of electricity, tampering and security in electric meters has become a major concern for government agencies across the globe. Especially in populous countries like India and China tampering in electric meter and energy theft have become quite common.

Electric meters can be manipulated, thus causing them to stop, under-register or even bypassing the meter. Consumers, who are tamper with electric meter, effectively use power without paying for it. This theft or fraud can be dangerous as well as dishonest. Electric meter security is looked upon as major issue in many countries today.

Today, many power companies are installing remote-reporting meters which are capable of detect any tampering in electric meters, and discover energy theft. These smart power meters are particularly helpful in preventing energy theft and encouraging security in electric meters.

A large portion of a country’s revenue is lost due to the high density of tampering and security in electric meters. Hence it becomes very important to detect tampering in electric meters to ensue proper billing. Electric meter readers are trained to spot signs of tampering. The consumers who tamper with electric meter may be charged each billing period with the maximum rate until the tamper is removed, or in some cases the service may also be disconnected.

A common method of tampering with electric meters is by attaching magnets to the outside of the meter. These magnets prevent the alternating current from forming eddy currents in the rotor, by saturating the coils or current transformers.

Rectified DC loads causes mechanical but not electronic meters to under-register. As the DC currents do not cause the coils to make eddy currents in the disk, thus causing reduced rotation and a lower bill. Other ways of tampering in electric meters and playing with the electric meter security is to use some combinations of capacitive and inductive load, which also result in reduced or reverse motion.

Today, many modern meters can easily detect all of these effects. The owner of the meter normally secures the meter against tampering. Newer computerized meters usually have counter-measures against tampering. In order to find and fix power distribution problems, power companies today normally investigate discrepancies between the total billed and the total generated These investigations are an effective method of discovering tampering and security in electric meters.

Electricity distribution losses totalled Rs 70,000 crore in India.

In this project we will use remote monitoring method to prevent electricity theft. We will also try to present our method to electricity department.

We will use Radio technology to monitor wirelessly meter reading . if there will be difference in wirless reading and installed meter reading , then we can easily detect theft. In digital data user cant change value.

In this project we use one lcd screen. LCD screen display the balance amount every time, LCD screen not only show the balance amount but at the same time lcd display the unit consumption. When the balance is zero then output is off.

Now for continue the voltage we must need to recharge the unit from the mobile phone.

Circuit working:

Our project is to be divided into 6 parts.

1. 5 VOLT REGULATED POER SUPPLY

2. MOBILE SIGNAL DECODER

3. BCD TO DECIMAL DECODER.

4. MICROCONTROLLER INTERFACE.

5. LCD INTERFACE .

6. RELAY INTERFACE CIRCUIT

Componets used in this project.

LCD FOR DISPLAY PURPOSE DISPLAY THE BALANCE AMOUNT AND UNIT CONSUME ( 2 LINE AND 16 CHARACTER)

MICROCONTROLLER. 89C51, 40 PIN CONTROLLER, 128 BYTE RAM, 4 K BYTE RAM. USED HERE FOR LCD DISPLAY AND START STOP FUNCTION. CHECK THE BALANCE AND CONTROL THE LOAD AS PER THE BALANCE.

IC 8870 , DTMF DECODER IC.

IC 8870 PROVIDE A GSM INTERFACE WITH THIS CIRCUIT. DUE TO THIS IC WE DECODE THE CALL THE PROVIDE A BALANCE IN THE ENERGY METER AUTOMATICALLY.

IC 74154 IS A BCD TO DECIMAL DECODER ATTACH WITH THE MICROCONTROLLER TO INTERFACE WITH THE DTMF DECODER

5 VOLT REGULATED POWER SUPPLY TO PROVIDE A REGULATED VOLTAGE TO THE MICROCONTROLLER UNIT.

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5 VOLT REGULATED POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT.

In this project firstly we use one step down transformer. Step down transformer step down the voltage from 220 volt Ac to 12 volt Ac. This Ac voltage is further converted into DC with the help of rectifier circuit. In rectifier circuit we use four diode. All the diodes are arranges as a bridge rectifier circuit. Output of this rectifier is pulsating Dc. To convert this pulsating DC into smooth dc we use one capacitor as a filter components. Capacitor converts the pulsating Dc into smooth DC with the help of its charging and discharging effect.

Output of the rectifier is now regulated with the help of IC regulator circuit. In this project we use positive voltage regulator circuit. Here we use three pin regulator. Output of this regulator is regulated voltage. If we use 7805 regulator then its means its is 5 volt regulator and if we use 7808 regulator then its means that it is 8 volt regulator circuit. In this project we use 5 volt dc regulated power supply for the complete circuit. Separate 9 volt dc power supply is used for the relay coil

DTMF DECODER

In the DTMF decoder circuit we use one DTMF decoder circuit to interface the mobile unit with this project. We dial the number of the phone connected to the energy meter then phone is automatic on and no we press a button 1 or button 2 to enter a value of 50 to 100 Rs in the meter. For this purpose we must need a mobile interface circuit with out project. . In this interface circuit we use one main ic 8870. This ic 8870 decode the dtmf pulses into bcd pulse . This bcd pulses is further converted into decimal unit with the help of bcd to decimal decoder circuit.. For the bcd to decimal decoder circuit we use ic 74154 to decode the bcd signal to decimal signal.

PIN DESCRIPTION

IC 8870 is a DTMF (dual tone multiple frequency) decoder .It converts dtmf pulse into the equivalent BCD signal. Pin no. 18 and 10 of this IC are connected to the positive supply. This positive supply is from the 5 volt regulator circuit. Pin no. 9,5,6 are connected to the negative supply. Signal from the telephone line is in the form of dtmf pulse is applied to pin no. 2 of this IC through 2.2k ohm resistor and .1mfd capacitor. This signal is also connected to pin no. 3 through 100k ohm resistor. Pin no. 7 and 8 are connected to a crystal of frequency 3.7945 mh. Pin no. 16 and 17 of this IC is reset pin. Pin no. 11,12,13,14 are the BCD output of this IC.

Advantages of Using Remote Method-

1. One time investment

2. It will save money of employees those are taking door to door reading.

3. Its not possible to interrupt wireless data

4. Easy to implement

5. Flexible system

COMPONENTS USED:

STEP DWON TRANSFORMER. 220 TO 9 VOLT AC 1 PC

DIODE IN 4007 2 PC

CAPACITOR 1000mfd 1PC

10 MFD, 1 PC

22 PF 2 PC

.1 ( 104) MFD 2PC

IC.

8870 DTMF DECODER.

74154 BCD TO DECIMAL DECODER.

89C51 MICROCONTROLLER.

LCD 2 BY 16

TRANSISTOR:

BC 548 NPN

BC 558 PNP

RELAY

12 VOLT DC SINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW

REGULATOR

7805.

P.C.B COPPER CLAD BOARD ( GENERAL)

LED (3)

CRYSTAL.

3.58 Mhz

12 MHz

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